Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲	Type	Year	Authors	Title	Venue/Journal	DOI	Abstract
publications-5421	Conference paper	2019	Bhowmik S.; Noiray G.; Naik H.	Subsea pipeline design automation using digital field twin	Society of Petroleum Engineers - Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference 2019, ADIP 2019	10.2118/197394-ms	The main objective of this paper is to present a cost-effective, user-friendly and highly reliable subsea pipeline design automation framework under the cloud-based digital field twin platform Subsea-XD. The FEED and detail design phase of the subsea pipeline is normally quite long and need to run several analyses sequentially to achieve the desired results. In this cloud-based design automation method, a significant number of calculation hours are saved due to systematic and sequential approach with minimum remediation work by reducing human error. In this proposed design automation framework, all the standard pipeline calculations including code checks are performed through a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) designed in cloud-based digital field twin. In the design phase of the subsea pipeline, some more advanced level pipeline finite element analyses are performed for buckling and walking assessment. The design phase of the subsea pipeline consists of different analytical as well as finite element (FE) calculations which are performed systematically and sequentially in cloud-based digital field twin. Various calculations including wall thickness calculation based on API/DNV/ASME code check, on-bottom stability analysis, pipeline span analysis, pipeline end expansion analysis, out of straightness analysis and pipeline buckling analysis are performed sequentially and systematically in the cloud using the metadata information available from the digital field data. All the standard pipeline calculations are developed using Python API and connected to cloud-based digital twin Subsea-XD. For advanced FE analyses for lateral buckling and pipeline walking, the preliminary susceptibilities are assessed through analytical calculations developed through python- based API. For the pipeline FE analysis for lateral buckling and walking assessment, pre-processor and post-processor are developed in python based on various metadata (pipe data, soil, environment) information available in the subsea digital field. The pipeline design calculation outputs are stored in a standardised report format in the cloud platform. The GUI is developed and the whole pipeline design process is automated through the python API. This design automation approach significantly reduces the total project cost. Integrating all the pipeline design calculations and automated report generation in a cloud-based digital field twin is very much beneficial for the early stages where some changes are expected. This pipeline design automation system relates to cloud-based digital field Subsea XD through API so that it is worked as an integrated system giving 3D digital field diagram as well as all pipeline design calculations in one digital platform. Β© 2019, Society of Petroleum Engineers
publications-5422	Article	2020	Laouar S.; Delov M.I.; Litvintsova Yu.E.; Kuzmenkov D.M.; Muradyan K.Yu.; Navasardyan M.V.; Kutsenko K.V.	A thermohydraulic flow loop for developing novel solutions in the field of using digital twins for nuclear power facilities	Izvestiya Wysshikh Uchebnykh Zawedeniy, Yadernaya Energetika	10.26583/NPE.2020.2.11	The experience is presented in building a thermohydraulic flow loop for developing technical and software solutions in using digital twins of nuclear equipment. The thermohydraulic flow loop was developed and manufactured at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI and represents a two-loop facility that allows investigating the processes of heat and mass exchange at forced and natural water circulation modes. The experimental facility allows one to obtain new data on heat transfer and hydrodynamics of two-phase flows round the fuel element bundles required for verification of computer codes. The obtained preliminary experimental results agree well with the calculations based on various codes. As part of building a digital twin for the thermohydraulic flow loop, a system is developed to diagnose, control and monitor heat-exchange transients based on physically justified real-time techniques. Neural network technologies will make it possible to predict changes in the flow loop's thermohydraulic parameters in response to external impacts. Further, a virtual prototype of the experimental facility is expected to be used in the training process and for distance learning. Β© 2020 Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, National Research Nuclear University 'MEPhI'. All rights reserved.
publications-5423	Article	2020	AbadΓas Llamas A.; Bartie N.J.; Heibeck M.; Stelter M.; Reuter M.A.	Simulation-Based Exergy Analysis of Large Circular Economy Systems: Zinc Production Coupled to CdTe Photovoltaic Module Life Cycle	Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy	10.1007/s40831-019-00255-5	The second law of thermodynamics (2LT) helps to quantify the limits as well as the resource efficiency of the circular economy (CE) in the transformation of resources, which include materials, energy, or water, into products and residues, some of which will be irreversibly lost. Furthermore, material and energy losses will also occur, as well as the residues and emissions that are generated have an environmental impact. Identifying the limits of circularity of large-scale CE systems, i.e., flowsheets, is necessary to understand the viability of the CE. With this deeper understanding, the full social, environmental, and economic sustainability can be explored. Exergy dissipation, a measure of resource consumption, material recoveries, and environmental impact indicators together provide a quantitative basis for designing a resource-efficient CE system. Unique and very large simulation models, linking up to 223 detailed modeled unit operations, over 860 flows and 30 elements, and all associated compounds, apply this thermoeconomic (exergy-based) methodology showing (i) the resource efficiency limits, in terms of material losses and exergy dissipation of the CdTe photovoltaic (PV) module CE system (i.e., from ore to metal production, PV module production, and end-of-life recycling of the original metal into the system again) and (ii) the analysis of the zinc processing subsystem of the CdTe PV system, for which the material recovery, resource consumption, and environmental impacts of different processing routes were evaluated, and the most resource-efficient alternative to minimize the residue production during zinc production was selected. This study also quantifies the key role that metallurgy plays in enabling sustainability. Therefore, it highlights the criticality of the metallurgical infrastructure to the CE, above and beyond simply focusing on the criticality of the elements. Β© 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
publications-5424	Conference paper	2019	Bhowmik S.	Digital twin of subsea pipelines: Conceptual design integrating IoT, machine learning and data analytics	Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference	10.4043/29455-ms	Digital Twin is a new paradigm combining multiphysics modelling together with data-driven analytics. In recent years, it draws considerable interest from the oil and gas field operators due to lower oil prices to reduce the downtime due to planned or unplanned preventive maintenance in production field which cost several million in the operational cost (OPEX). The digital twin is an integrated system with low-cost IoT sensors to gather system data, advanced data analytics to draw meaningful insights and predictive maintenance strategy based on the machine learning algorithm to reduce preventive maintenance cost. Overall the digital twin act as a digital replica of the field asset which is monitored and maintained based on actual sensor data from the physical field using machine learning. This paper will demonstrate the conceptual design of a digital twin of subsea pipeline system integrating the computational model, field sensor data analytics and predictive maintenance based on the machine learning algorithm. The computational model is first developed in the finite element (FE) model and calibrated by the field sensor data installed on the physical system. The computational model will be used to predict any change of pipe behaviour due to sudden changes in loading due to high pressure, slugging or leak etc. The proposed digital twin model will assist the oil and gas field operators in minimizing the OPEX with predictive maintenance schedule when it's needed to avoid failure in the pipeline system. Copyright Β© 2019, Offshore Technology Conference
publications-5425	Conference paper	2020	Ranjbar R.; Duviella E.; Etienne L.; Maestre J.-M.	Framework for a digital twin of the Canal of Calais	Procedia Computer Science	10.1016/j.procs.2020.11.004	The management of hydrographical systems is still mainly based on the expertise of the managers. Although this expertise enables the efficient management of these networks under normal conditions, modifications due to human activities or climate change could lead them to manage situations that were not known until now. In addition, advances in Automation, Computing Science and Artificial Intelligence provide tools and methods to assist the managers. In particular, the use of tele-remote systems, as SCADA, allows the collection of data and the control of hydraulic devices. Today, by benefiting from the power of computers and servers, the digital twins of hydrographical networks can be designed. A digital twin aims to faithfully reproduce the dynamics of a canal. It is used to play-back past scenarios allowing feedback of applied management strategies and fast simulations with predictive and adaptive management strategies to determine their performances and giving decision aid criteria for the managers. The objective of the presented paper is to define the framework for a digital twin of the Canal of Calais. Β© 2020 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.
publications-5426	Conference paper	2020	Vatn J.	Cyber-physical threats and real-time monitoring of critical infrastructure	Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2019	10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3_0668-cd	The society is dependent on a well functioning critical infrastructure. As the critical physical and computational elements of the various infrastructure become more and more intertwined cyber-physical threats have got large attention by infrastructure managers. This paper presents challenges and ways forward in relation to a case study of water network systems. The term cyber-physical systems refers to smart systems that include engineered interacting networks of physical and computational components. The term digital twin refers to a digital replica of physical assets, processes and systems that can be used for various purposes. A characteristic of cyber-physical systems exposed to cyber-physical threats is that most of the time the system is functioning more or less perfect, but in a very small amount of the time these threats can cause large consequences. Seen from the risk managers point of view this calls for a probabilistic approach. A preliminary hazard analysis is often the only systematic analysis that takes a holistic perspective when it comes to identification and follow up of threats and hazards. Since the preliminary hazard analysis as such has no logic to link real time information related to the cyber-physical threats it is required to develop the preliminary hazard analysis to a dynamic follow up tool. A network skeleton is used as basis for a probabilistic model representing the digital twin in relation to the preliminary hazard analysis to provide a real-time risk management tool. Structures are developed that enable the preliminary hazard analysis to dynamically update as cyber-physical threats develops based on readings from e.g., the supervisory control and data acquisition system. A case study is presented to demonstrate the methodological aspects as a basis for challenges in the implementation of a future real-time risk management tool. Β© 2019 European Safety and Reliability Association. Published by Research Publishing, Singapore.
publications-5427	Article	2020	Ham Y.; Kim J.	Participatory Sensing and Digital Twin City: Updating Virtual City Models for Enhanced Risk-Informed Decision-Making	Journal of Management in Engineering	10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000748	The benefits of a digital twin city have been assessed based on real-time data collected from preinstalled Internet of Things (IoT) sensors (e.g., traffic, energy use, air pollution, water quality) for managing the complex systems of cities, but the sensor-based reality information is likely insufficient to provide dynamic spatiotemporal information about physical vulnerabilities. Understanding cities' current states of physical vulnerability can support city decision makers in analyzing associated potential risk in urban areas for data-driven infrastructure management in extreme weather events. As a step toward creating a digital twin city for effective risk-informed decision-making, this paper proposes a new framework to bring crowdsourced visual data-based reality information into a three-dimensional (3D) virtual city for a model update with interactive and immersive visualization. Unstructured visual data are collected from participatory sensing and analyzed to estimate the geospatial information of vulnerable objects in the distance representing physical vulnerability in cities. The crowdsourced visual data-based reality information of physical vulnerability in a given region is then integrated with a 3D virtual city model, and the updated 3D city model is fed into a computer-aided virtual environment (CAVE) for immersive visualization to enable users to navigate the intersection of reality and virtuality. To test the proposed framework, case studies were conducted on Houston. The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method has the potential to make the virtual city model live in terms of local vulnerability. The digital twin city building on crowdsourced visual data is expected to contribute to risk-informed decision-making for infrastructure management in cities and help analyze various what-if scenarios in disaster situations with increased visibility of hazard and city interactions. Β© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
publications-5428	Conference paper	2019	Rines M.R.; Balchanos M.G.; Mavris D.N.	Dynamic implementation of resource management strategies for a resilient advanced life support system	AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum	10.2514/6.2019-1373	The methodology and results presented in this paper seek to work towards a modeling and simulation environment for space habitats that is capable of dynamically deciding which subsystems to use in light of various system failures and degradations while measuring its own resilience to these system faults. This environment could also double as a digital twin environment of a physical space habitat. Once completed, it would be useful in both designing an optimally resilient habitat capable of meeting all its mission requirements and as a habitat support and management tool on a functioning space habitat. This work develops a dynamic analysis and decision-making tool that is able to query the functionality status of all of the subsystems, predict the lifetime of key resources and allow for user-assigned logic controls to dynamically institute resource management strategies to respond to a degraded state. Two resource management strategies have been evaluated with this tool. The first responded to a fault in the water recycling systems by turning off the oxygen generation system, which utilizes water to create oxygen. The second altered the crewmembersβ€™ schedules, changing any upcoming extravehicular activities to less intensive intravehicular activities if it was predicted that the habitat would run out of oxygen before the end of the mission. Both of these strategies proved effective in increasing the lifespan of the crew. Β© 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
publications-5429	Conference paper	2020	Gavras S.; Bilal M.U.; Tolnai D.; Hort N.	Investigation and Modelling of the Influence of Cooling Rates on the Microstructure of AZ91 Alloys	Minerals, Metals and Materials Series	10.1007/978-3-030-36647-6_42	An increasingly important tool in modern experimental investigations is the ability to accurately produce a digital model or β€_x009c_digital twinβ€_x009d_ of samples and their properties. This goes hand-in-hand with the primary tenant of Industry 4.0 which is to provide advanced manufacturing solutions through the use of cyber-physical systems. A comparison of various quenching media, namely liquid nitrogen, water at 5Β β„ƒ, water at 20Β β„ƒ and in the air on the microstructure of permanent mould cast AZ91 alloys was investigated. Particular emphasis was centred on the changes in microstructural features such as grain size and dendrite arm spacing. Phase-field method was used to produce a digital twin and qualitative analysis of the investigated cooling rates on AZ91. The combination of practical microstructural investigations and the simulated microstructures will advance the knowledge of cooling rate influences on AZ91 and their ability to be accurately simulated to assist with property and microstructural predictions. Β© 2020, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
publications-5430	Conference paper	2020	Zekiri F.; Steckhan J.; Linden S.; Arnold P.; Ott H.	Novel digital rock simulation approach in characterizing gas trapping by modified morphological workflow	1st EAGE Digitalization Conference and Exhibition	10.3997/2214-4609.202032055	The quantification of trapped non-wetting phase saturation and distribution in petroleum reservoirs is essential to understand hydrocarbon recovery efficiency. Laboratory experiments on core samples are regarded industry best practice to estimate hydrocarbon trapping. To implement entrapment characteristics in reservoir modeling, empirical correlations between initial saturation and respective residual non-wetting phase saturation (trapping curves) are commonly used. To overcome long lead times for setting up reservoir models due to time-consuming laboratory workflows, pore-scale simulations of fluid flow on digital representation of the pore space - so called digital twins - imaged by micro computed tomography have been considered a viable alternative to estimate hydrocarbon entrapment. In this study, we compare simulation results for water/gas capillary dominated imbibition in a sandstone reservoir. So far, digital rock simulations could not predict representative trapped phase saturation levels with the classical morphological approach. This was the motivation to adapt the simulation concepts by inclusion of sub-resolution wetting-phase layers to the pore-structure. As a result, it was possible to simulate representative spatial distribution of the trapped non-wetting phase in the pore-space and to estimate realistic residual saturations. For verification purposes, the simulated results have been compared to the trapping model by Land (1968). Β© EAGE 2019.