Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲	Type	Year	Authors	Title	Venue/Journal	DOI	Abstract
publications-4231	article	1999	Rossman, Lewis A.	The EPANET Programmer's Toolkit for Analysis of Water Distribution Systems		10.1061/40430(1999)39	The EPANET Programmerβ€™s Toolkit is a collection of functions that helps simplify computer programming of water distribution network analyses. The functions can be used to read in a pipe network description file, modify selected component properties, run multiple hydraulic and water quality analyses, retrieve selected output results, and write formatted output reports. The toolkit is especially useful for developing applications, such as optimization models, that require running many network analyses with modified input parameters. It can also simplify adding analysis capabilities to integrated network modeling environments based on CAD, GIS, and database packages.
publications-4232	article	2008	McKenna, Sean A. and Wilson, Mark and Wilson, M. and Wilson, M. and Klise, Katherine A.	Detecting Changes in Water Quality Data	Journal American Water Works Association	10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb08131.x	Timely deployment of contaminant warning systems requires onβ€line sensors and advancement of data analysis and decision support systems to accurately detect water quality changes. As a demonstration of event detection in water quality data, three water quality changeβ€detection algorithms were developed and used to detect changes in water quality observed at four locations within a distribution system. Each data set was β€_x009c_spikedβ€_x009d_ with simulated anomalous water quality values of 1 h duration and 10 levels of spike strength. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is proposed as an objective means of assessing and comparing water quality changeβ€detection algorithm results that is also able to provide the tradeoff between missed detections and false alarms on a single plot. The area under the ROC curve provides a measure of the sensitivity and specificity of each algorithm for each spike strength and location. Resulting areas under the ROC curve range from 0.46 for spike strengths of 1.0 (background) to 0.98 for strengths of 3.5 standard deviations from the mean, where an ROC curve area of 1.0 indicates perfect detection.
publications-4233	article	2010	Willis, Rachelle McDonald and Willis, Rachelle McDonald and Stewart, Rodney Anthony and Stewart, Rodney Anthony and Panuwatwanich, Kriengsak and Panuwatwanich, Kriengsak and Jones, Sarah and Jones, Sarah and Kyriakides, Andreas O. and Kyriakides, Andreas	Alarming visual display monitors affecting shower end use water and energy conservation in Australian residential households.	Resources Conservation and Recycling	10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.03.004	Abstract Sustainable urban water consumption has become a critical issue in Australian built environments due to the country's dry climate and increasingly variable rainfall. Residential households have the potential to conserve water, especially across discretionary end uses such as showering. The advent of high resolution smart meters and data loggers allows for the disaggregation of water flow recordings into a registry of water end use events (e.g. showers, washing machine and taps). This study firstly reports on a water consumption end use study sample of 151 households conducted in the Gold Coast, Australia, with a focus on daily per capita shower end use distributions. A sub-sample of 44 households within the greater sample was recruited for the installation of an alarming visual display monitor locked at 40L consumption for bathroom showers. All sub-sample shower end use event durations, volumes and flow rates were then analysed and compared utilising independent sample t-tests pre- and post-intervention. The installation of the shower monitor instigated a statistically significant mean reduction of 15.40L (27\%) in shower event volumes. Monetary savings resulting from modelled water and energy conservation resulted in a 1.65-year payback period for the device. Furthermore, conservative modelling indicated that the citywide implementation of the device could yield 3\% and 2.4\% savings in total water and energy consumption, respectively. Moreover, a range of non-monetary benefits were identified, including the deferment of water and energy supply infrastructure, reduced resource inflationary pressures, and climate change mitigation, to name a few. Resource consumption awareness devices like the one evaluated in this study assist resource consumers to take ownership of their usage and individually tackle individualistic and/or society driven conservation goals, ultimately helping to reduce the ecological footprint of built environments.
publications-4234	article	2013	Willis, Rachelle McDonald and Willis, Rachelle McDonald and Stewart, Rodney Anthony and Stewart, Rodney Anthony and Giurco, Damien and Giurco, Damien and Talebpour, Mohammad Reza and Talebpour, Mohammad Reza and Mousavinejad, Alireza and Mousavinejad, Alireza	End use water consumption in households: impact of socio-demographic factors and efficient devices	Journal of Cleaner Production	10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.006	To assess water savings in households using efficient devices and to understand how savings vary between different socio-demographic groups in the community, high resolution end use water consumption data is required (i.e. disaggregating water use for showers, toilets, clothes washers and garden irrigation etc.). This paper reports selected findings from the Gold Coast Residential End Use Study (Australia), which focussed on the relationship between a range of socio-demographic and household stock efficiency variables and water end use consumption levels. A mixed methods approach was executed using qualitative and quantitative data. The study provided evidence as to the potential savings derived from efficient appliances as well as socio-demographic clusters having higher water consumption across end uses. The payback period for some water efficient devices was also explored. The study has implications for urban water demand management planning and forecasting.
publications-4235	article	2013	Boyle, Thomas and Boyle, Thomas and Giurco, Damien and Giurco, Damien and Mukheibir, Pierre and Mukheibir, Pierre and Liu, Ariane and Liu, Ariane and Moy, Candice and Moy, Candice and White, Saxon William and White, Stuart and Stewart, Rodney Anthony and Stewart, Rodney Anthony	Intelligent Metering for Urban Water: A Review	Water	10.3390/w5031052	This paper reviews the drivers, development and global deployment of intelligent water metering in the urban context. Recognising that intelligent metering (or smart metering) has the potential to revolutionise customer engagement and management of urban water by utilities, this paper provides a summary of the knowledge-base for researchers and industry practitioners to ensure that the technology fosters sustainable urban water management. To date, roll-outs of intelligent metering have been driven by the desire for increased data regarding time of use and end-use (such as use by shower, toilet, garden, etc.) as well as by the ability of the technology to reduce labour costs for meter reading. Technology development in the water sector generally lags that seen in the electricity sector. In the coming decade, the deployment of intelligent water metering will transition from being predominantly "pilot or demonstration scale" with the occasional city-wide roll-out, to broader mainstream implementation. This means that issues which have hitherto received little focus must now be addressed, namely: the role of real-time data in customer engagement and demand management; data ownership, sharing and privacy; technical data management and infrastructure security, utility workforce skills; and costs and benefits of implementation.
publications-4236	article	2015	Rosen, Roland and Rosen, Roland and von Wichert, Georg and von Wichert, Georg and Lo, George and Lo, George and Bettenhausen, Kurt Dirk and Bettenhausen, Kurt Dirk	About The Importance of Autonomy and Digital Twins for the Future of Manufacturing	IFAC-PapersOnLine	10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.141	Abstract Industrie 4.0 - the β€_x009c_brandβ€_x009d_ name of the German initiative driving the future of manufacturing - is one of several initiatives around the globe emphasizing the importance of industrial manufacturing for economy and society. Besides the socio-economical if not political question which has to be answered - including the question about the future of labor - there are a couple of substantial technical and technological questions that have to be taken care of as well.
publications-4237	article	2015	Gurung, Thulo Ram and Gurung, Thulo Ram and Stewart, Rodney Anthony and Stewart, Rodney Anthony and Beal, Cara and Beal, Cara and Sharma, Ashok and Sharma, Ashok	Smart meter enabled water end-use demand data: platform for the enhanced infrastructure planning of contemporary urban water supply networks	Journal of Cleaner Production	10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.054	Integrating alternative water supplies and water efficient appliances are proven strategies for reducing customers' average and peak demand on the cities mains water distribution infrastructure network. However, water utilities are yet to harness the potential of smart meters to build tailored daily diurnal demand patterns that reflect the consumption characteristics of individual developments that are increasingly applying alternative water sources and ultra-efficient appliances. This paper demonstrates how smart metering and water end-use data facilitates enhanced infrastructure planning of contemporary water supply schemes located in Queensland, Australia. To achieve research aims, extensive data received from high resolution smart meters fitted to a sample of 130 households was disaggregated into end use events (e.g. shower, dishwasher, etc.) and categorised into 48 thirty-minute time steps (i.e. daily diurnal demand) over the average day (AD) and peak day (PD). Moreover, these demand curves were also clustered according to water appliance stock efficiency ratings. Novel bottom-up end-use level models of demand were formulated representing scenarios of both single and multi-residential dwellings installed with combinations of water efficient appliances and rainwater tanks or greywater reuse. AD and PD diurnal demand patterns for these contemporary water scenarios were compared against the baseline scenario which represents the typical building code mandated dwelling constructed in the region of Queensland, Australia. Modelled demand curves for scenarios applying more efficient appliances in both dwelling types had lower peak demand than the baseline scenario by 13\% and 6\% for the AD and PD respectively, while scenarios also including rainwater tanks and greywater reuse (i.e. source substitution) resulted in peak reductions of 28\% on the AD and 51\% on the PD. The paper concludes with some implications for better handling the demand complexities of contemporary water supply schemes being developed by using smart meter data for the optimal planning of water infrastructure networks.
publications-4238	article	2017	Schleich, Benjamin and Schleich, Benjamin and Anwer, Nabil and Anwer, Nabil and Mathieu, Luc and Mathieu, Luc and Wartzack, Sandro and Wartzack, Sandro	Shaping the digital twin for design and production engineering	Cirp Annals-manufacturing Technology	10.1016/j.cirp.2017.04.040	Abstract The digitalization of manufacturing fuels the application of sophisticated virtual product models, which are referred to as digital twins, throughout all stages of product realization. Particularly, more realistic virtual models of manufactured products are essential to bridge the gap between design and manufacturing and to mirror the real and virtual worlds. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive reference model based on the concept of Skin Model Shapes, which serves as a digital twin of the physical product in design and manufacturing. In this regard, model conceptualization, representation, and implementation as well as applications along the product life-cycle are addressed.
publications-4239	article	1987	Liou, Chyr Pyng and Kroon, J.R.	Modeling the Propagation of Waterborne Substances in Distribution Networks	Journal American Water Works Association	10.1002/j.1551-8833.1987.tb02943.x	Des modeles pour determiner les concentrations limites des produits devraient etre plus utiles pour les petits systemes
publications-4240	article	2001	Al-Zahrani, Muhammad A. and Moeid, K.	Locating Optimum Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Water Distribution System		10.1061/40569(2001)393	Water quality could vary within the water distribution system due to internal or external contamination. Thus, it is very important to examine water quality at selected locations of the distribution network to ensure safe water will be delivered to the end users. Water quality in water distribution system needs to be sampled at locations, which are representative of the whole network. These locations of water quality monitoring stations should be located such that water quality in the network is represented with a minimum number of monitoring stations due to economical reasons. Presently, no guideline describes how these sampling locations are optimally identified. In this paper, a new methodology is developed based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) to help identify optimum water quality stations in water distribution system. The algorithm is illustrated with the help of a hypothetical case.