Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲ Type Year Authors Title Venue/Journal DOI Research type Water System Technical Focus Abstract Link with Projects Link with Tools Related policies ID
publications-4191 article 1988 Grayman, Walter M. and Clark, Robert M. and Males, Richard M. MODELING DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM WATER QUALITY; DYNAMIC APPROACH Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1988)114:3(295) Interest is growing in determining the quality variations that exist in drinking water distribution systems. This paper is dedicated to understanding distribution‐system quality issues and to the development of a model that will enhance this understanding. A dynamic algorithm that can be used to predict water quality variations is described in this paper. Determination of the blending of flows from separate sources, tracing of transient concentrations in the system, and establishment of a compliance monitoring system are only a few of the potential uses of such a model. The model has been implemented on a microcomputer and applied to the North Penn Water Authority distribution system, Lansdale, Pennsylvania. It shows good correspondence with observed field data.
publications-4192 article 2014 Williamson, F. and Williamson, F. and van den Broeke, J. and van den Broeke, J. and Koster, T.M. and Koster, T. and Koerkamp, M. Klein and Koerkamp, M. Klein and Verhoef, J. W. and Verhoef, J. W. and Hoogterp, J. and Hoogterp, J. and Trietsch, E. and Trietsch, E. and de Graaf, B. R. and de Graaf, B. R. and de Graaf, B. R. and de Graaf, B. Online water quality monitoring in the distribution network Water Practice & Technology 10.2166/wpt.2014.064 To ensure the safe supply of drinking water, the quality needs to be monitored online in real time. The consequence of inadequate monitoring can result in substantial health risks and economic and reputational damages. Therefore, Vitens, the largest drinking water company of the Netherlands, set a goal to explore and invest in the development of intelligent water supply by implementing a smart water grid. To enable this, Vitens has allocated a designated part of their distribution network to be a demonstration network for online water quality monitoring, the Vitens Innovation Playground (VIP). In the VIP, a network of 44 Optiqua EventLab sensors has been installed. EventLab utilizes refractive index as a generic parameter for continuous real-time monitoring of changes in water quality. The EventLab units in the network transmit their data by GPRS to Optiqua servers where the data are processed using event detection algorithms. Deployed as an online sensor network, it allows early detection and rapid response, as well as accurate location of the spread of a contamination within the distribution network. The use of the EventLab sensor network under operational conditions in the VIP is described and its effectiveness is demonstrated by the detection of two water quality events.
publications-4193 article 2009 Jeong, Hyung Seok and Jeong, Hyung Seok and Abraham, Dulcy M. and Abraham, Dulcy M. Water rationing model for consequence minimization of water infrastructure destruction. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2009)135:2(80) This paper describes a model developed for optimizing water supply plans for water customers when a water network is partially operational due to the destruction of water networks by malicious attacks or any catastrophic events. The model uses the information regarding the priority of water customers in emergency situations, their functional sensitivities to water supply, and the dynamic nature of water demand patterns. The solutions generated from the model are water rationing plans which can guarantee at least a short-term water supply to water customers during any 24-h period. A genetic algorithm based program linked with a hydraulic solver (EPANET 2.0) is developed to find optimal water rationing plans. A case study indicates that the proposed model can successfully generate water rationing plans to reduce the consequences while meeting hydraulic constraints in water networks. The model developed in this study is also applicable to extreme water supply shortage situations due to severe drought or noni...
publications-4194 article 1990 Nowak, Andrzej and Nowak, Andrzej and Szamrej, Jacek and Szamrej, Jacek and LatanΓ©, Bibb and LatanΓ©, Bibb From private attitude to public opinion: A dynamic theory of social impact. Psychological Review 10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.362 A computer simulation modeled the change of attitudes in a population resulting from the interactive, reciprocal, and reeursive operation of Latan~'s (198 I) theory of social impact, which specifies principles underlying how individuals are affected by their social environment. Surprisingly, several macrolevel phenomena emerged from the simple operation of this microlevei theory, including an incomplete polarization of opinions reaching a stable equilibrium, with coherent minority subgroups managing to exist near the margins of the whole population. Computer simulations, neglected in group dynamics for 20 years, may, as in modern physics, help determine the extent to which group-level phenomena result from individual-level processes. Writing about social phenomena, social scientists have produced empirical generalizations and theoretical analyses of social processes representing differing levels of social reality. Some analyses concern the cognitions, feelings, and behavior of individuals; others deal with small, medium, or large groups, collectivities, and organizations; still others involve such largescale human aggregates and systems as nations, societies, or cultures. Theories can be and are formulated and tested independently for phenomena at each of these levels, but one can also ask about the relations between mechanisms operating at different levels (Doise, 1986; Kenny, 1987; Nowak, 1976). These relations may be of two kinds. The functioning of higher level units (e.g., social groups) may be partly or completely determined and therefore explained by mechanisms known from theories describing phenomena at lower levels (e.g., human individuals). Alternatively, the functioning of lower level units (e.g., individuals) may be affected by the higher level units to which they belong. In other words, individuals in a given social context behave differently than they would outside that context. These relations, taken together, suggest that the interactive impact of individuals and their social context can result in the emergence of new regularities at the levels of both the individual
publications-4195 article 2006 Propato, Marco Contamination Warning in Water Networks: General Mixed-Integer Linear Models for Sensor Location Design Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2006)132:4(225) A mixed-integer linear program is proposed to identify optimal sensor locations for early warning against accidental and intentional contaminations in drinking water distribution systems. The general model can be applied to unsteady hydraulic conditions. Furthermore, it may accommodate different design objectives whose problem formulations vary only by the cost function coefficients while decision variables and linear constraints remain identical. Such a feature is very important since several requirements may be factors for practical design of warning systems. Linear constraint matrix properties show that the solution may often be found at the root (no branching). If not, a procedure is proposed to identify a significant set of discrete decision variables whose integrality constraints can be always relaxed. This result is coupled with good data preprocessing to minimize auxiliary continuous variables and constraints, allowing for efficient computation and increasing model applicability to large problems. The methodology is illustrated on a small and a midsize network.
publications-4196 article 2010 Mouly, Damien and Mouly, Damien and Joulin, Eric and Joulin, Eric and Rosin, Christophe and Rosin, Christophe and Beaudeau, Pascal and Beaudeau, Pascal and Zeghnoun, Abdelkrim and Zeghnoun, Abdelkrim and Olszewski-Ortar, Agnès and Olszewski-Ortar, Agnès and Muñoz, Jean and Munoz, Jean François and Welté, B. and Welté, Bénédicte and Joyeux, Marc and Joyeux, Michel and Joyeux, Michel and Seux, R. and Seux, René and Montiel, Antoine and Rodriguez, Manuel J. Variations in trihalomethane levels in three French water distribution systems and the development of a predictive model. Water Research 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.028
publications-4197 article 2010 Pasha, M. F K and Lansey, Kevin E Effect of parameter uncertainty on water quality predictions in distribution systems-case study Journal of Hydroinformatics 10.2166/hydro.2010.053 The effect of parameter uncertainty on water quality in a distribution system under steady and unsteady conditions is analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Sources of uncertainties for water quality include decay coefficients, pipe diameter and roughness, and nodal spatial and temporal demands. Results from the system analyzed suggest that water quality estimates are robust to individual parameter estimates but the total effect of multiple parameters can be important. The largest uncertainties occur when flow patterns are altered. The study also provides guidance on difficulties in model calibration. For example, the wall decay had the largest influence on model prediction for the system that was reviewed and is one of the most difficult to measure given its variability between pipes.
publications-4198 article 2007 Łangowski, Rafał and Brdys, Mietek A. Monitoring of Chlorine Concentration in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Using an Interval Estimator International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 10.2478/v10006-007-0019-y This paper describes the design of an interval observer for the estimation of unmeasured quality state variables in drinking water distribution systems. The estimator utilizes a set bounded model of uncertainty to produce robust interval bounds on the estimated state variables of the water quality. The bounds are generated by solving two differential equations. Hence the numerical efficiency is sufficient for on-line monitoring of the water quality. The observer is applied to an exemplary water network and its performance is validated by simulations.
publications-4199 article 2011 Yang, Jian and Yang, Jian and LeChevallier, Mark W. and LeChevallier, Mark W. and Teunis, Peter and Teunis, Peter and Xu, Minhua and Xu, Minhua Managing risks from virus intrusion into water distribution systems due to pressure transients. Journal of Water and Health 10.2166/wh.2011.102 Low or negative pressure transients in water distribution systems, caused by unexpected events (e.g. power outages) or routine operation/maintenance activities, are usually brief and thus are rarely monitored or alarmed. Previous studies have shown connections between negative pressure events in water distribution systems and potential public health consequences. Using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model previously developed, various factors driving the risk of viral infection from intrusion were evaluated, including virus concentrations external to the distribution system, maintenance of a disinfectant residual, leak orifice sizes, the duration and the number of nodes drawing negative pressures. The most sensitive factors were the duration and the number of nodes drawing negative pressures, indicating that mitigation practices should be targeted to alleviate the severity of low/negative pressure transients. Maintaining a free chlorine residual of 0.2 mg/L or above is the last defense against the risk of viral infection due to negative pressure transients. Maintaining a chloramine residual did not appear to significantly reduce the risk. The effectiveness of ensuring separation distances from sewer mains to reduce the risk of infection may be system-specific. Leak detection/repair and cross-connection control should be prioritized in areas vulnerable to negative pressure transients.
publications-4200 article 2010 Romero, Nathalie and Romero, Natalia and O’Rourke, Thomas D. and Nozick, Linda K. and Davis, Craig A. Seismic Hazards and Water Supply Performance Journal of Earthquake Engineering 10.1080/13632460903527989 This article describes seismic hazards, including fault rupture, liquefaction, landslides, and site amplification, using Los Angeles as a case study. Water supply simulation results are presented for a 7.8 MW earthquake on the San Andreas Fault. Severe water losses are shown after 24 h, with nearly 2,700 locations of pipeline damage and a 66\% decrease in normal water service. The water supply system was modeled with and without reservoirs that have been removed from service to meet water quality standards. The results show that opening the disconnected reservoirs immediately after a serious earthquake is an effective strategy for emergency response.