Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲	Type	Year	Authors	Title	Venue/Journal	DOI	Abstract
publications-3871	article	0		Committee Report: Trends in water distribution system modeling	Journal American Water Works Association	10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0145	This report discusses the results of the EMAC 2009 and 2013 surveys, the past and current modeling issues challenging utilities, and trends that will shape distribution network modeling.
publications-3872	article	2022	Ferreira, Bruno and Ferreira, Bruno and CarriΓ§o, Nelson and CarriΓ§o, Nelson and Barreira, Raquel and Barreira, Raquel and Dias, Tiago and Dias, Tiago and Covas, DΓdia and Covas, DΓdia	Flowrate time series processing in engineering tools for water distribution networks	Water Resources Research	10.1029/2022wr032393	The current paper presents a comprehensive methodology for processing unevenly (and evenly) spaced flowrate time series for subsequent use in engineering tools, such as the calibration of hydraulic models or the detection and location of leaks and bursts. The methodology is a four-step procedure: i) anomaly identification and removal, ii) short-duration gap reconstruction, iii) time step normalization and iv) long-duration gap reconstruction. The time step normalization is carried out by a numerical procedure prior to the reconstruction process. This reconstruction process uses a pattern model coupled with regression techniques (i.e., autoregressive integrated moving average and exponential smoothing). The methodology is calibrated using Monte Carlo simulations applied to a water utility flowrate time series and validated with two additional time series from different water utilities. Obtained results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can process flowrate time series from water supply systems with different characteristics (e.g., consumption pattern, data acquisition system, transmission settings) both for normal operating conditions and during the occurrence of abnormal events (e.g., pipe bursts). This methodology is a very useful tool for the daily management of water utilities, preparing the time series to be used in different engineering tools, namely, hydraulic simulation, model calibration or online burst detection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
publications-3873	article	2009	Edwards, Jerry and Edwards, Jerry and Koval, Edward J. and Koval, Edward and Lendt, Brian and Lendt, Brian and Ginther, Paul and Ginther, Paul	GIS and hydraulic model integration: Implementing cost-effective sustainable modeling solutions	Journal American Water Works Association	10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09988.x	For many utilities, the integration of a geographic information system (GIS) with a water distribution-system hydraulic model is an elusive and frustrating goal. Distribution-system models are becoming increasingly complex and are being used more regularly for various applications. These models are also becoming more closely integrated with utilitiesβ€” GISs. Many hydraulic models now include mostβ€”if not allβ€”of the pipes in the distribution system. The trend in hydraulic modeling has been to integrate the vast amount of data contained in a utilityβ€”s constantly changing GIS with the less frequently modified hydraulic model. This article explores issues related to the maintenance and update of the model piping network and its relationship to the GIS, focusing on maintenance of the hydraulic modelβ€”s physical facilities and specifically on the piping network. General recommendations are presented to improve the cost-effectiveness of maintaining an updated hydraulic model.
publications-3874	article	2015	Liu, Ariane and Liu, Ariane and Giurco, Damien and Giurco, Damien and Mukheibir, Pierre and Mukheibir, Pierre	Motivating metrics for household water-use feedback	Resources Conservation and Recycling	10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.008
publications-3875	article	2005	Moyer, J. E. and Moyer, Jack	Tabletop exercises: HOW YOU CAN USE THEM TO PREPARE FOR water system incidents	Journal American Water Works Association	10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07449.x	Simulating a response to a hypothetical disaster scenario through a tabletop exercise can help prepare water system managers, operators, and emergency preparedness personnel for the real thing. The purpose is not to solve the scenario, but rather to increase understanding and familiarity, develop communications and confidence, and fineβ€tune emergency plans. This article provides an overview of the basics necessary to conduct a water system incident tabletop exercise including establishing objectives, identifying key participants, and formatting the exercise, and it offers logistical recommendations. The article also includes a sample scenario broken out by hour. Much of the methodology that applies to a water system incident tabletop exercise can be utilized for conducting tabletop exercises for other emergency scenarios, as well.
publications-3876	article	2015	Giacomoni, Marcio and Giacomoni, Marcio and Berglund, Emily Zechman and Berglund, Emily Zechman	Complex Adaptive Modeling Framework for Evaluating Adaptive Demand Management for Urban Water Resources Sustainability	Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management	10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000543	AbstractNew water resources management methodologies are needed to address increasing demands and future uncertainty for urban water resources. Adaptive water demand management strategies provide an approach to improve the efficiency of water system operations and meet water demands by adapting flexibility to increasing stresses, such as droughts. This study simulates adaptive water demand management through the development of a complex adaptive system modeling framework, which couples cellular automata modeling, agent-based modeling, and hydrologic modeling to simulate land-use change, consumer behaviors, management decisions, the rainfall-runoff process, and reservoir storage. The model is applied to simulate the effect of demand management strategies on reductions in municipal water demands and on the sustained storage in a surface water supply reservoir. Historic and projected climate change hydroclimatic time series are used to assess the effectiveness of domestic water restrictions, including outdoo...
publications-3877	article	2015	Falkinham, Joseph O. and Falkinham, Joseph O. and Pruden, Amy and Pruden, Amy and Edwards, Marc and Edwards, Marc	Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens: Increasingly Important Pathogens in Drinking Water	Pathogenetics	10.3390/pathogens4020373	Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens are responsible for a significant number of infections whose origin has been traced to drinking water. These opportunistic pathogens represent an emerging water borne disease problem with a major economic cost of at least $1 billion annually. The common features of this group of waterborne pathogens include: disinfectant-resistance, pipe surface adherence and biofilm formation, growth in amoebae, growth on low organic concentrations, and growth at low oxygen levels. Their emergence is due to the fact that conditions resulting from drinking water treatment select for them. As such, there is a need for novel approaches to reduce exposure to these pathogens. In addition to much-needed research, controls to reduce numbers and human exposure can be instituted independently by utilities and homeowners and hospital- and building-operators.
publications-3878	article	2015	Cheng, Wei and Cheng, Wei-ping and Liu, En-hua and Liu, En-hua and Liu, Jingqing and Liu, Jing-qing	A Novel Statistical Model for Water Age Estimation in Water Distribution Networks	Mathematical Problems in Engineering	10.1155/2015/350328	The water retention time in the water distribution network is an important indicator for water quality. The water age fluctuates with the system demand. The residual chlorine concentration varies with the water age. In general, the concentration of residual chlorine is linearly dependent on the water demand. A novel statistical model using monitoring data of residual chlorine to estimate the nodal water age in water distribution networks is put forward in the present paper. A simplified two-step procedure is proposed to solve this statistical model. It is verified by two virtual systems and a practical application to analyze the water distribution system of Hangzhou city, China. The results agree well with that from EPANET. The model provides a low-cost and reliable solution to evaluate the water retention time.
publications-3879	article	1997	Okun, Daniel A. and Okun, Daniel A.	Distributing reclaimed water through dual systems	Journal American Water Works Association	10.1002/j.1551-8833.1997.tb08321.x	Growing urbanization has put a heavy demand on limited sources of water for public community water supply systems. A proven conservation measure to help meet increasing demand is the reclamation of wastewater for nonpotable purposes. Reclaimed water can be used for landscape and recreational grounds irrigation, industrial processes, cooling towers, air-conditioning, stack gas scrubbing, toilet flushing, construction, firefighting, and environmental enhancement such as maintaining urban stream flows and wetlands. Urban reuse requires dual distribution systems that use one system for potable water and another for reclaimed water. Dual systems are particularly appropriate for urban developments now being planned, but they can prove cost-effective even for systems that must be retrofitted. The economies arise from savings in the acquisition and development of new water sources and facilities and in wastewater treatment and disposal. Because the public health risk from nonpotable reuse is minimall, public acceptance is high and even enthusiastic. Nonpotable urban reuse is an option worth consideration by municipalities seeking additional water supply to meet future needs.
publications-3880	article	2000	Walski, Thomas M. and Walski, Thomas M.	Model calibration data: the good, the bad, and the useless	Journal American Water Works Association	10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb08791.x	Comparisons between field data and model results need to be made with β€_x009c_goodβ€_x009d_ field data. Water distribution models are used to simulate a variety of conditions, including extreme flow events such as maximum hour demands and fire flows. Some models are tested only under average demand conditions, in which head loss is commonly of the same order of magnitude as errors in head loss measurements. Data collected when head loss is small in comparison with errors may give the false impression that the model is properly calibrated. Substantial errors may exist in the model that will not become apparent until the model is used at a time when head loss and velocity are high. This article contains guidelines for collecting data so that the model calibration will be meaningful.