Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲	Type	Year	Authors	Title	Venue/Journal	DOI	Abstract
publications-5331	Article	2021	Jones S.; Charlesworth R.; Naik K.; Charlesworth T.; O'Dwyer E.; Ianakiev A.; Johnson J.; Boukhanouf R.; Gillott M.; Sellwood V.; Aloor J.	A multi-energy system optimisation software for advanced process control using hypernetworks and a micro-service architecture	Energy Reports	10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.159	This paper describes a multi-energy system optimisation software, β€_x009c_Sustainable Energy Management Systemβ€_x009d_ (SEMS), developed as part of a Siemens, Greater London Authority and Royal Borough of Greenwich partnership in collaboration with the University of Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University and Imperial College London. The software was developed for application at a social housing estate in Greenwich, London, as part of the Borough's efforts to retrofit the energy systems and building fabric of its housing stock. Its purpose is to balance energy across vectors and networks through day-ahead forecasting and optimisations that can be interpreted as control outputs for energy plant such as a water source heat pump, district heating pumps and values, power switchgear, gas boilers, a thermal store, electric vehicle chargers and a photovoltaic array. The optimisation objectives are to minimise greenhouse gas emissions and operational cost. The tool uses Hypernetwork Theory based orchestration coupled with a microservice architecture. The distributed nature of the design ensures flexibility and scalability. Currently, microservices have been programmed to forecast domestic heating demand, domestic electricity demand, electric vehicle demand, solar photovoltaic generation, ground temperature, and to run a day-ahead energy balance optimisation. This paper presents the results from both domestic heat and electricity demand forecasting, as well as the overall design and integration of the software with a physical system. The works build on that of O'Dwyer, et al. (2020) who developed a preliminary energy management software and digital twin. Their work acts as a foundation for this real-world commercialisation-ready program that integrates with physical assets. Β© 2021 The Authors
publications-5332	Article	2020	Bertulessi M.; Bignami D.F.; Boschini I.; Chiarini A.; Ferrario M.; Mazzon N.; Menduni G.; Morosi J.; Zambrini F.	Conceptualization and prototype of an anti-erosion sensing revetment for levee monitoring: Experimental tests and numerical modeling	Water (Switzerland)	10.3390/w12113025	The problem of levee embankment control during high flows is crucial for flood risk management in floodplains. Levee defense lines are often hundreds of kilometers long and surveys during emergencies are not easy tasks. For these reasons, levees monitored with in situ sensors and a suitable Information Technology (IT) real-time data communication and integration infrastructure, so-called β€_x009c_smart leveesβ€_x009d_, are gaining increasing interest as a crucial protection technology in floodplains. The paper presents the conceptualization of a prototype of a levee smart revetment, based on the integration of an optical fiber (OF) cable into a steel double-twisted wire mesh. In this paper the feasibility of this kind of revetment is firstly assessed. The flow pattern of overtopping water on the embankment is discussed, thus producing a raw estimation of the shear stress acting on the revetment in the field. A sample case is then analyzed in both numerical and laboratory tests. For this purpose, a numerical Finite Element Model (FEM) to describe the mechanical behavior of a double-twisted wire mesh when loaded along its own plane is presented. Numerical results indicate that the related strain, relatively low as compared to the steel wire yield stress, can be fully detected by the optical fiber continuous Brillouin sensor. This has been validated by the experimental activity performed and a digital twin of the prototype of the smart revetment, suitable for virtually testing the product under any load and constraint conditions and tailoring the production process, has been created. Β© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
publications-5333	Conference paper	2021	Winter T.; Glaser M.	Condition Monitoring of Next Generation Digitized Electric Subsea Actuators	Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference	10.4043/31123-MS	A detailed knowledge about the health status of the installed assets is the key for continuous production without unexpected events and downtime, which causes production loss. A major aspect is the prediction of the occurrence of a failure before the affected function is demanded. This is one purpose of the Condition Monitoring (CM), Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) and the application of a Digital Twin. The paper presents the result of an ability analysis for a subsea actuator towards its possibilities to increase the availability through a novel and extensive grade of information. The paper presents the resulting architecture and solution to achieve an actuator design, which is capable to provide a high safety, high reliability and a predictive health management which is prepared for a digital twin application. For this purpose, an applied Condition Monitoring concept is described and shown based on the case study. The analysis and resulting solution is based on a detailed research towards the state of the art. Different available subsea actuators are analyzed towards the communication interfaces and the ability to allow CM. Therefore, the required status and information of the actuator are shown (e.g. Torque, position, temperature, acceleration, water concentration in oil, humidity, pressure, inclinometer). The required environment information about the actuator are evaluated with the help of a failure mode analysis. The different sensor principles provide the necessary information. The paper evaluates the significance of the sensor information towards the CM concept. The data can be provided on different communication interfaces and protocols. These are analyzed towards the satisfaction of the CM requirements. The result of the analysis is a detailed architecture of a CM capable subsea electric actuator including the CM concept. The possible interfaces are shown and the provided sensor data by the actuator. The sensors provide the input for the CM model and the remote accessibility and controllability of the actuator. The result is the novel design of a subsea actuator, which fits perfect in a digitalized subsea environment to increase the availability and controllability including a CM concept. Β© 2021, Offshore Technology Conference. All rights reserved.
publications-5334	Conference paper	2020	Sreedevi T.R.; Santosh Kumar M.B.	Digital Twin in Smart Farming: A Categorical Literature Review and Exploring Possibilities in Hydroponics	Proceedings - 2020 Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies for High Performance Applications, ACCTHPA 2020	10.1109/ACCTHPA49271.2020.9213235	Digital Twins (DT) have massive scope for success in the field of sustainable agriculture. But the number of works done in this field is relatively less compared to other domains like Manufacturing, Healthcare, Autonomous Vehicles, and Aviation. Due to frequent natural calamities like floods and epidemics, the need for sustainable and self-sufficient agriculture from the primary level is essential. Soil-less agriculture is gaining more popularity over soil-born methods due to issues of soil-based agriculture like soil erosion, intensive labor, water reusability, and overall productivity. This work deals with one of the popular soil-less methods, Hydroponics. The various ways in which DTs can contribute to the various phases of hydroponics like designing, operation, monitoring, optimization, and maintenance are discussed. This paper also presents a review of research works done in the application of DT in smart farming. Β© 2020 IEEE.
publications-5335	Conference paper	2020	Kleiser D.; Woock P.	Towards Automated Structural Health Monitoring for Offshore Wind Piles	2020 Global Oceans 2020: Singapore - U.S. Gulf Coast	10.1109/IEEECONF38699.2020.9389437	Simulation plays an important role in the development, testing and evaluation of new robotic applications, reducing implementation time, cost and risk. In this paper we show a digital twin simulation model of an inspection ROV which is capable of performing structural health monitoring by automated creation of a map of an offshore wind monopile. The data is compared to a known reference model. The digital twin simulation model is extended by a physical sensor data input device to bridge the gap between simulation and testing in water. Β© 2020 IEEE.
publications-5336	Article	2020	Dere C.; Deniz C.	Effect analysis on energy efficiency enhancement of controlled cylinder liner temperatures in marine diesel engines with model based approach	Energy Conversion and Management	10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113015	In recent years, growing interest in engine efficiency, because of international regulations in the maritime sector, necessitates studies about new operational techniques. Ships have been operating at reduced speeds in recent years and, the liner temperatures of marine diesel engines vary significantly at reduced loads, which increase the heat loss from main engine. The research focuses on revealing the energy efficiency enhancement potential by decreasing heat loss through jacket water during reduced loads without any permanent modification. The heat loss reduction is achieved by means of higher coolant (glycolβ€“water mixture) temperatures, to keep the liner temperatures at their maximum permissible temperatures. The methodology is calculating the energy balance and efficiency increment at reduced loads of main engine by modelling. The model have been validated with the digital twin of a two-stroke Sulzer-12RTA84C marine diesel engine. The simulated results comprise in-cylinder pressures, exhaust gas temperature and pressure, scavenge pressure, engine speed, turbo-charger, indicated power and heat transfer rate. Liner temperatures, affecting the heat transfer rate, are investigated in variable operating loads of the main engine. The study shows that keeping the liner temperature of the engine at the maximum continuous rating's temperature, has respectable efficiency advantages under different operating loads. 0.5% reduction in fuel consumption could be achieved, coming with 127.8 tons fuel and 398 tons CO2 reduction in a year. Additionally, waste heat recovery system calculations were carried out and additional 48.8 tons of fuel could be saved in the generation of electricity. In total 176.6 tons of fuel and 550 tons of CO2 emission reduction could be achieved. As a result, the controlled cylinder wall temperatures can be considered as one of the methods to solve the efficiency and emission problems in ships in the near future. Β© 2020 Elsevier Ltd
publications-5337	Conference paper	2021	Katsounas N.P.; Pathak P.D.; Quates D.R.; Mosscrop G.	Novel THOR Technology for Orientation of Vertical XT to Completions	Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference	10.4043/31033-MS	On conventional vertical trees (VXTs) with a tubing hanger (TH) in the wellhead (WH), orientation of the VXT to the TH system is a complicated and expensive process. Leveraging patented technology, the tree to hanger orientation ring (THOR) and tooling were implemented to save CAPEX and OPEX while eliminating risks associated with conventional orientation solutions. An open-water tool installs an external alignment feature onto the wellhead, which is oriented with the tubing hanger already installed in the wellhead. The VXT then orients onto the wellhead with the help of this external alignment feature, resulting in correct orientation with the tubing hanger. This paper discusses the novel technology and its successful development and installation for a subsea project, which revolutionizes the VXT portfolio. Rapid development of THOR technology was required along with expedient project execution. Utilizing digital-twin design techniques such as finite element analysis and operator simulations, the operating life of THOR tooling was investigated in parallel with project engineering. The novel nature of the THOR required unconventional testing, which was performed in-house. Project execution plan was implemented for engineering and manufacturing to successfully build the production equipment on schedule. Comprehensive system integration testing was completed upon the first attempt. The system was deployed to staging facilities before being delivered offshore to the customer and installed subsea in stages during April 2020. Involvement of the operators and installation contractors during the development stage made THOR's first deployment attempt a major success with zero recorded nonproductive time, even during COVID-19. THOR technology reduces the number of components as well as the weight and size of the equipment. The novel THOR equipment can be run by a light intervention vessel rather than conventional equipment, which requires mobile offshore drilling units. The time spent to deploy the VXT system is also reduced, minimizing indirect supply-chain and field-service-related carbon emissions. This further enables reduced carbon emissions and overall carbon footprint of the entire project. The field-proven THOR technology is an evolutionary orientation technology that simplifies the installation operations for the vertical tree and tubing hanger. This technology maintains the robust conventional system configuration post installation and hence does not affect reliability of the VXT system. Β© 2021, Offshore Technology Conference. All rights reserved.
publications-5338	Article	2020	Guo Z.; Huang J.; Wang S.; Yu S.; Zhang L.	Research and Prospect of Intelligent Bait-dropping Boat; [ζ™Ίθƒ½ζ_x008a_•ι¥µθΉη ”η©¶η_x008e_°η_x008a_¶δΈ_x008e_ε±•ζ_x009c_›]	Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery	10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2020.S1.046	Precise feeding of bait, medicine and microorganism is an important part of healthy aquatic breeding. The research of intelligent bait-dropping boat has gradually attracted attention due to its automatic cruise, obstacle self-avoidance, multi-point accurate delivery, supporting for the integration of water quality and video monitoring. The domestic and foreign research of intelligent bait-dropping boat was summarized from three aspects, including bait-feeding structure, path control and bait-feeding strategy. Among them, the existing conveying and throwing structure, path control mode, heading control algorithm, feeding path strategy and intelligent feeding technology were systematically analyzed. In view of the current research deficiencies, the future R&D trends were obtained: further improvement of bait breaking rate and throwing uniformity, high-precision navigation and positioning system integrated with 5G communication, high-precision heading control algorithm, intelligent bait-dropping algorithm that combined visual and acoustic information analysis, more multifunction of intelligent feeding boat, construction of a remote monitoring system for smart bait-dropping boat based on satellite Internet of things and digital twins. The content was of great significance to the development of digital, precise and intelligent of the intelligent bait-dropping boat. Β© 2020, Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All right reserved.
publications-5339	Conference paper	2021	Malek N.G.; Tayefeh M.; Bender D.; Barari A.	Live digital twin for smart maintenance in structural systems	IFAC-PapersOnLine	10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.08.124	Instabilities and failure in many industrial structures can be too costly. That includes the pipeline structures for oil and gas industries or power generation plans and infrastructural transit systems. Prognostics and health management, along with Preventive, predictive, and prescriptive maintenance, are alternative options to avoid the failure in these systems by smart and on-time maintenance. However, although it is possible to collect data dynamically from these systems through their service periods, in many cases, a trustworthy and reliable knowledge base to allow making the right decisions is not always available. This paper presents the concept of LIVE Digital Twin that relies on four phases of Learn, Identify, Verify, Extend employing various Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation strategies during the life span of the structure parallel to its design, performance, inspection, and maintenance. The architecture of LIVE Digital Twin is presented, and the details are described along with some practical case studies in Light Rail Transit (LRT) and pipeline systems in oil and gas industries. The presented concept and architecture of LIVE Digital Twin can be employed and implemented for various other applications and non-structural systems. Β© 2021 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
publications-5340	Conference paper	2021	Frasheri M.; Thule C.; MacEdo H.D.; Lausdahl K.; Larsen P.G.; Esterle L.	Fault Injecting Co-simulations for Safety	2021 5th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety, ICSRS 2021	10.1109/ICSRS53853.2021.9660728	Robotic systems, either operating alone or in fleets, in order to be trusted, have to provide certain safety guarantees to ensure no harm comes to neither humans, environment, other robots or equipment. Co-simulation tools enable the integration of models from different modelling applications and can be adopted to ensure the safe behaviour of such systems using simulation. Different parameters of the included models can be explored, including safety aspects, by simulating different sets of scenarios. Of particular interest are those scenarios in which different system components fail at different times, potentially leading to safety violations. The core contribution of this paper is a simple but powerful fault injection mechanism, that enables developers to seamlessly inject faults in their co-simulations. We present an initial evaluation of the proposed mechanism through a water-tank case-study, to discuss its applicability and benefits for system evaluation during the development stage. Thereafter, we discuss the value of this work in the context of autonomous agricultural robot fleets, and outline our next steps in this direction. Β© 2021 IEEE.