Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲ Type Year Authors Title Venue/Journal DOI Research type Water System Technical Focus Abstract Link with Projects Link with Tools Related policies ID
publications-4691 article 1989 Wood, Don J. and Wood, Don J. and Wood, Don J. and Ormsbee, Lindell and Ormsbee, Lindell Supply Identification for Water Distribution Systems Journal American Water Works Association 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03241.x Identifying the precise source of delivered flow in water distribution systems is increasingly important. The necessity for this arises when individual supplies exceed allowable levels of certain chemical or biological constituents. An explicit methodology to make these calculations for complex water distribution systems is presented. The methodology requires the solution of a set of linear equations of order equal to the number of junctions. The equation coefficients are based on the flow distribution for the system demands under consideration. Because the explicit solution procedure requires the simultaneous solution of large equation sets for large networks, an alternative solution technique was developed. This technique solved the equations in a simple, cyclic manner requiring little computer storage and proved to be an efficient scheme for carrying out the calculations. During the past few decades, various each source to the demand at a particular computer models have been developed junction node. Such calculations are for use in modeling water distribution normally required because of concern systems. These models can be used to over the possible effects of one or more predict flows and pressures throughout supplies that may exceed allowable levels a particular distribution system in of various pollutants or chemicals. As a response to a given set of operating result, it may be necessary to determine conditions. In systems with multiple the percentage of flow originating at water supply sources, it may be neces- such supplies at critical points throughsary to determine the contribution of out the distribution system.
publications-4692 article 1991 Payment, Pierre and Payment, Pierre and Richardson, Lesley and Richardson, Lynne D. and Siemiatycki, Jack and Siemiatycki, Jack and Dewar, Ron and Dewar, Ron and Edwardes, Michael and Edwardes, M and Franco, Eduardo L. and Franco, Eduardo L. A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards. American Journal of Public Health 10.2105/ajph.81.6.703 BACKGROUND: This project directly and empirically measured the level of gastrointestinal (GI) illness related to the consumption of tapwater prepared from sewage-contaminated surface waters and meeting current water quality criteria. METHODS: A randomized intervention trial was carried out; 299 eligible households were supplied with domestic water filters (reverse-osmosis) that eliminate microbial and chemical contaminants from their water, and 307 households were left with their usual tapwater without a filter. The GI symptomatology was evaluated by means of a family health diary maintained prospectively by all study families over a 15-month period. RESULTS: The estimated annual incidence of GI illness was 0.76 among tapwater drinkers compared with 0.50 among filtered water drinkers (p less than 0.01). These findings were consistently observed in all population subgroups. CONCLUSION: It is estimated that 35\% of the reported GI illnesses among the tapwater drinkers were water-related and preventable. Our ...
publications-4693 article 1992 Goulter, I. C. and Goulter, Ian C. Systems Analysis in Water‐Distribution Network Design: From Theory to Practice Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1992)118:3(238) Review of the use of system‐analysis techniques, and in particular optimization, to design water‐distribution networks reveals that in spite of the considerable development of models in the literature they have not been accepted into practice. This lack of acceptance is present even though a competitive evaluation of the component design models has shown them to be capable of designing realistic networks. The lack of acceptance is attributed primarily to the absence of suitable packaging to make the algorithms useful in a design office environment. This evidence suggests that, from a practice point of view, there is relatively little need for further development of these component design models, other than the packaging. Reliability analysis in water‐distribution network design has not yet entered practice either. In contrast to the component size problem, reliability analysis has not been accepted primarily because of a lack of reliability measure that is both comprehensive in its interpretation of relia...
publications-4694 article 1993 Boulos, Paul F. and Boulos, Paul F. and Altman, Tom and Altman, Tom EXPLICIT CALCULATION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN PIPE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 10.1080/02630259308970123 Abstract Explicit algorithms have been developed for use in water quality studies and management of distribution networks with sources of dissimilar quality. The proposed algorithms can be effectively used for directly determining a variety of blended water quality parameters for a given set of network loading and operational conditions. The parameters include the spatial distribution of constituent concentrations, the flow influence characteristics of supply sources, and the water age distribution throughout the system. The developed algorithms are formulated analytically from mass balance relationships as contingent linear boundary value problems in conjunction with a topological sorting methodology. The resulting formulations yield coefficient matrices, of order equal to the number of junction nodes, that are triangular and positive definite. The parameter solutions sought are, thus, derived through a direct application of a one step substitution process. The proposed algorithms are both robust and eff...
publications-4695 article 1994 Lambert, A. and Lambert, A. Accounting for losses: the bursts and background concept Water and Environment Journal 10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00913.x Losses of treated water occur through leakage and overflows from the pressurized pipes and fittings in water undertakers’distribution systems and customers’private supply pipes. The UK National Leakage Control Initiative was formed in 1991 to update previous published work on leakage control policy and practice in the UK. Although some published technical relationships exist, there has been no overall methodology which attempts to provide a component-based estimate of annual losses in different parts of the distribution system for any particular combination of local circumstances, i.e. pressure, burst frequency, burst flow rate, number of properties, length of mains, method of leakage control, standards of service, and waste notice service/enforcement policy. The ‘bursts and background estimate’spreadsheet-based methodology is designed to provide such estimates. It links ‘night-flow’and ‘annual losses’concepts, and can be used for a variety of purposes. These include (a) assessment of the likely incidence of losses for different leakage control and waste notice policies, (b) identification (from night flows) of districts in which there are unreported bursts, and (c) assessment of economic target levels for leakage control. The substantial element of annual losses from service pipes, and the considerable influence of pressure on annual losses, are also discussed.
publications-4696 article 1994 Clark, Robert M. and Clark, Robert M. and Grayman, Walter M. and Grayman, Walter M. and Goodrich, James A. and Goodrich, James A. and Deininger, Rolf A. and Deininger, Rolf A. and Skov, Kenneth and Skov, Kenneth Measuring and Modeling Chlorine Propagation in Water Distribution Systems Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1994)120:6(871) Until recently most emphasis on implementing Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments (SDWAA) has been focused on drinking water as it leaves the treatment plant. However, the SDWAA has been interpreted as requiring that its MCLs must be met at the consumer's tap. This interpretation has forced consideration of the drinking‐water distribution system when measuring and monitoring contaminants for SDWAA compliance. It is increasingly apparent that water quality can undergo significant deterioration between the treatment plant and the consumer's tap. A field study conducted in conjunction with the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority using a contaminant propagation model demonstrated long residence times in one of its service areas, which suggested potential difficulties in maintaining chlorine residuals throughout the system. A follow‐up study verified that maintaining residuals is difficult and demonstrated that a simple first‐order decay model as...
publications-4697 article 1994 Judson, Olivia and Judson, Olivia P. The rise of the individual-based model in ecology Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90225-9
publications-4698 article 1997 Reis, Luisa Fernanda Ribeiro and Reis, Luisa Fernanda Ribeiro and de Melo Porto, Rodrigo and Porto, R. M. and Chaudhry, Fazal Hussain and Chaudhry, Fazal Hussain Optimal Location of Control Valves in Pipe Networks by Genetic Algorithm Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1997)123:6(317) This paper addresses the problem of appropriate location of control valves in a water supply pipe network and their settings via genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain maximum leakage reduction for given nodal demands and reservoir levels. Embedded in this optimization is the problem of determination of optimal control-valve settings in terms of minimization of system leakage for a given location of valves. It is shown through an example water distribution network that the optimally located valves are much more effective at producing maximum leakage reduction in the network. On the basis of multiple simulations of demand patterns, it was found that the expected value of leakage in a network provided with optimally placed control valves is practically independent of total demand. A study of the effect of varying demands on the optimal location of valves indicated distinct combinations of valve-locations for the different spatial patterns of nodal demands and for different total demands.
publications-4699 article 1999 Burrows, W D and Renner, S E Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water. Environmental Health Perspectives 10.1289/ehp.99107975 Nearly all known biological warfare agents are intended for aerosol application. Although less effective as potable water threats, many are potentially capable of inflicting heavy casualties when ingested. Significant loss of mission capability can be anticipated even when complete recovery is possible. Properly maintained field army water purification equipment can counter this threat, but personnel responsible for the operation and maintenance of the equipment may be most at risk of exposure. Municipal water treatment facilities would be measurably less effective. Some replicating (infectious) agents and a few biotoxins are inactivated by chlorine disinfection; for others chlorine is ineffective or of unknown efficacy. This report assesses the state of our knowledge of agents as potable water threats and contemplates the consequences of intentional or collateral contamination of potable water supplies by 18 replicating agents and 9 biotoxins known or likely to be weaponized or otherwise used as threats.
publications-4700 article 1999 Huberman, Bernardo A. and Huberman, Bernardo A. and Adamic, Lada A. and Adamic, Lada A. Growth dynamics of the World-Wide Web Nature 10.1038/43604 ,The exponential growth of the World-Wide Web has transformed it into an ecology of knowledge in which highly diverse information is linked in an extremely complex and arbitrary manner. But even so, as we show here, there is order hidden in the web. We find that web pages are distributed among sites according to a universal power law: many sites have only a few pages, whereas very few sites have hundreds of thousands of pages. This universal distribution can be explained by using a simple stochastic dynamical growth model. The existence of a power law in the growth of the web not only implies the lack of any length scale for the web, but also allows the expected number of sites of any given size to be determined without exhaustively crawling the web. The distribution of site sizes for crawls by Alexa and Infoseek is shown in Fig. 1. Both data sets display a power law over several orders of magnitude, so on a log‐log scale the distribution of the number of pages per site appears as a straight line. This distribution should not be confused with Zipf ’s like distributions 1,2 , where a power law arises from rank ordering the variables 3 .