Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲	Type	Year	Authors	Title	Venue/Journal	DOI	Abstract
publications-4631	article	1991	Schneider, Michael L. and Schneider, Michael L. and Whitlatch, Elbert E. and Whitlatch, E. Earl	User-Specific Water Demand Elasticities	Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management	10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1991)117:1(52)	Water demand elasticity is estimated for six user categories: residential; commercial; industrial; government; school; and total metered. Eight generalized leastβ€squares, linear regression models are derived for each user category. Explanatory variables tested are price; per capita income; resident population per user account; housing composition; and summer precipitation. Pooled crossβ€sectional and time series annual data from the city of Columbus, Ohio, and incorporated suburbs are used. The recommended regression is a partial adjustment, generalized leastβ€squares model with crossβ€sectional dummy variables. Price is a significant factor for all user categories except industry. The greatest price effect was for school accounts, followed by commercial, government, total metered, and residential. Governmental and school demands are most responsive to fluctuations in real income, followed by residential and total metered accounts. Commercial demand was unresponsive to real income. Both shortβ€run and longβ€ru...
publications-4632	article	1993	Nieswiadomy, Michael and Nieswiadomy, Michael and Cobb, Steven L. and Cobb, Steven L.	IMPACT OF PRICING STRUCTURE SELECTIVITY ON URBAN WATER DEMAND	Contemporary Economic Policy	10.1111/j.1465-7287.1993.tb00395.x	Interest in demand management policies has intensified as residential water demand has grown in the United States. Using data from the 1984 American Water Works Association (AWWA) survey, the study here provides an empirical analysis of the differences in price elasticities of demand across water pricing block structures and examines these structures' "conservation-orientedness." However, a potential sample selection bias exists. That is, in cities where people are more interested in conservation, utility managers may be more likely to select a rate structure that they believe is conservation-oriented-an increasing block structure, for example. Managers' selectivity bias may cause research results either to understate or to overstate a particular block structure's impact on water conservation. The analysis here corrects for this selectivity bias in estimating water demand and tests whether consumers respond to average prices or to marginal prices. Correcting for selectivity bias involves an explicit analysis of the factors that influence utility managers' selection of rate structures. Estimating water demand under increasing and decreasing block structures suggests that sample selection bias remains a problem worthy of further investigation. Copyright 1993 Western Economic Association International.
publications-4633	article	1994	Datta, Riya and Datta, R. S. N. and Sridharan, K. and Sridharan, K.	Parameter Estimation in Waterβ€Distribution Systems by Least Squares	Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management	10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1994)120:4(405)	The weighted-least-squares method using sensitivity-analysis technique is proposed for the estimation of parameters in water-distribution systems. The parameters considered are the Hazen-Williams coefficients for the pipes. The objective function used is the sum of the weighted squares of the differences between the computed and the observed values of the variables. The weighted-least-squares method can elegantly handle multiple loading conditions with mixed types of measurements such as heads and consumptions, different sets and number of measurements for each loading condition, and modifications in the network configuration due to inclusion or exclusion of some pipes affected by valve operations in each loading condition. Uncertainty in parameter estimates can also be obtained. The method is applied for the estimation of parameters in a metropolitan urban water-distribution system in India.
publications-4634	article	1997	Axelrod, Robert and Axelrod, Robert	The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration		10.1515/9781400822300	Robert Axelrod is widely known for his groundbreaking work in game theory and complexity theory. He is a leader in applying computer modeling to social science problems. His book The Evolution of Cooperation has been hailed as a seminal contribution and has been translated into eight languages since its initial publication. The Complexity of Cooperation is a sequel to that landmark book. It collects seven essays, originally published in a broad range of journals, and adds an extensive new introduction to the collection, along with new prefaces to each essay and a useful new appendix of additional resources. Written in Axelrod's acclaimed, accessible style, this collection serves as an introductory text on complexity theory and computer modeling in the social sciences and as an overview of the current state of the art in the field. The articles move beyond the basic paradigm of the Prisoner's Dilemma to study a rich set of issues, including how to cope with errors in perception or implementation, how norms emerge, and how new political actors and regions of shared culture can develop. They use the shared methodology of agent-based modeling, a powerful technique that specifies the rules of interaction between individuals and uses computer simulation to discover emergent properties of the social system. The Complexity of Cooperation is essential reading for all social scientists who are interested in issues of cooperation and complexity.
publications-4635	article	1999	Lawrence, Steve and Lawrence, Steve and Giles, C. Lee and Giles, C.L. and Giles, C. Lee	Accessibility of information on the web	Nature	10.1038/21987	Search engines do not index sites equally, may not index new pages for months, and no engine indexes more than about 16\% of the web. As the web becomes a major communications medium, the data on it must be made more accessible.
publications-4636	article	1999	BarabΓ΅si, Albert LΓ΅szlΓ³ and BarabΓ΅si, Albert-LΓ΅szlΓ³ and Albert, RΓ©ka and Albert, RΓ©ka and Jeong, Hawoong and Jeong, Hawoong	Mean-field theory for scale-free random networks	Physica A-statistical Mechanics and Its Applications	10.1016/s0378-4371(99)00291-5	Random networks with complex topology are common in Nature, describing systems as diverse as the world wide web or social and business networks. Recently, it has been demonstrated that most large networks for which topological information is available display scale-free features. Here we study the scaling properties of the recently introduced scale-free model, that can account for the observed power-law distribution of the connectivities. We develop a mean-field method to predict the growth dynamics of the individual vertices, and use this to calculate analytically the connectivity distribution and the scaling exponents. The mean-field method can be used to address the properties of two variants of the scale-free model, that do not display power-law scaling.
publications-4637	article	2001	Gaudin, Sylvestre and Gaudin, Sylvestre and Griffin, Ronald C. and Griffin, Ronald C. and Sickles, Robin C. and Sickles, Robin C.	Demand Specification for Municipal Water Management: Evaluation of the Stone-Geary Form	Land Economics	10.2307/3147133	To specify demand in most water allocation problems, researchers face a tradeoff between flexibility and parsimony. Flexible forms are less constraining on elasticity estimates, but require large parameter sets that tend to cause poor out-of-sample forecasts and computational difficulties. Using a five-year panel of Texas municipalities, the parsimonious Stone-Geary form yields estimated demand functions that are comparable to flexible form results. The Stone-Geary specification also provides an estimate of the portion of water use that may not be responsive to price, and is useful in analysing price structures and designing conservation policies.
publications-4638	article	2001	Strogatz, Steven H. and Strogatz, Steven H.	Exploring complex networks	Nature	10.1038/35065725	The study of networks pervades all of science, from neurobiology to statistical physics. The most basic issues are structural: how does one characterize the wiring diagram of a food web or the Internet or the metabolic network of the bacterium Escherichia coli? Are there any unifying principles underlying their topology? From the perspective of nonlinear dynamics, we would also like to understand how an enormous network of interacting dynamical systems β€” be they neurons, power stations or lasers β€” will behave collectively, given their individual dynamics and coupling architecture. Researchers are only now beginning to unravel the structure and dynamics of complex networks.
publications-4639	article	2003	MartΓnezβ€EspiΓ±eira, Roberto and MartΓnez-EspiΓ±eira, Roberto	Estimating Water Demand under Increasing-Block Tariffs Using Aggregate Data and Proportions of Users per Block	Environmental and Resource Economics	10.1007/978-94-015-9984-9_2	The price specification suggested by Nordin (1976) for theanalysis of demand under block tariffs is applied to estimatewater demand functions using aggregate data from the Northwest ofSpain. The traditional way of using Nordin's specification whenonly aggregate data are available (using values of marginal priceand difference faced by the average user) is compared with thetheoretically correct one. The latter uses the average marginalprice and the average difference, these averages being weighted bythe proportion of users per block. The availability of data on theproportion of users per block permits also the explicit modellingof the choice of block. The results show that, in the sampleanalyzed, the values of price elasticity under the traditionalspecification and the more innovative one are not significantlydifferent.
publications-4640	article	2007	Abrahamse, Wokje and Abrahamse, Wokje and Steg, Linda and Steg, Linda and Vlek, Charles and Vlek, Charles and Rothengatter, Talib and Rothengatter, Talib	The effect of tailored information, goal setting, and tailored feedback on household energy use, energy-related behaviors, and behavioral antecedents.	Journal of Environmental Psychology	10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.08.002	In this multidisciplinary study, an Internet-based tool was used to encourage households (N ΒΌ 189) to reduce their direct (gas, electricity and fuel) and indirect energy use (embedded in the production, transportation and disposal of consumer goods). A combination of tailored information, goal setting (5\%), and tailored feedback was used. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this combination of interventions would result in (i) changes in direct and indirect energy use, (ii) changes in energy-related behaviors, and (iii) changes in behavioral antecedents (i.e. knowledge). After 5 months, households exposed to the combination of interventions saved 5.1\%, while households in the control group used 0.7\% more energy. Households exposed to the interventions saved significantly more direct energy than households in the control group did. No difference in indirect energy savings emerged. Households exposed to the interventions adopted a number of energy-saving behaviors during the course of the study, whereas households in the control group did so to a lesser extent. Households exposed to the interventions had significantly higher knowledge levels of energy conservation than the control group had. It is argued that if the aim is to effectively encourage household energy conservation, it is necessary to examine changes in energy use, energy-related behaviors and behavioral antecedents. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.