Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲	Type	Year	Authors	Title	Venue/Journal	DOI	Abstract
publications-4621	article	1987	Agthe, Donald E. and Agthe, Donald E. and Billings, R. Bruce and Billings, R. Bruce	Equity, Price Elasticity, and Household Income Under Increasing Block Rates for Water	The American Journal of Economics and Sociology	10.1111/j.1536-7150.1987.tb01966.x	Abstract. For an examination of the relationships between household income levels and residential water use, individual household survey data from Tucson, Arizona the combined with monthly water use data for these same households. The objectives were to examine individual response to the existing block rate pricing structure and to provide policy conclusions on potential improvements in this rate structure. A simultaneous equation model of demand is estimated for households within each income group to determine the price elasticity of demand for each income group. The demand models show that under the existing increasing block rate pricing schedules, higher income households not only use more water, but have lower elasticities of demand. Thus a uniform proportional rate increase will cause a larger percentage drop in water use among low income households than among high income households. Given the assumption of declining marginal utility of water use, this result leads to a policy recommendation for substantially steeper block rates to improve interpersonal equity in water pricing.
publications-4622	article	1990	Syme, Geoffrey J. and Syme, Geoffrey J. and Syme, Geoffrey J. and Seligman, Clive and Seligman, Clive and Thomas, John F. and Thomas, John F.	Predicting Water Consumption From Homeowners' Attitudes	Journal of Environmental Systems	10.2190/fnv4-vcv2-l1t9-4r62
publications-4623	article	1991	Clark, Robert M. and Clark, Robert M. and Grayman, Walter M. and Grayman, Walter M. and Goodrich, James A. and Goodrich, James A. and Deininger, Rolf A. and Deininger, Rolf A. and Hess, Alan F. and Hess, Alan F.	Fieldβ€Testing Distribution Water Quality Models	Journal American Water Works Association	10.1002/j.1551-8833.1991.tb07181.x	This article briefly reviews an extensive field study by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the North Penn Water Authority, which resulted in the development of a series of models to investigate contaminant propagation in a water distribution system. The application of one such model to the exploration of contaminant movement in the distribution network of Cabool, Mo., is explained. An extension of this work to a large water utility - the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority - is also discussed.
publications-4624	article	1999	de Oliver, Miguel and de Oliver, Miguel and Oliver, Miguel De	Attitudes and Inaction A Case Study of the Manifest Demographics of Urban Water Conservation	Environment and Behavior	10.1177/00139169921972155	The publicβ€™s disposition with respect to conservation is predominantly ascertained by surveys. Rarely are these attitudes contrasted directly against manifested behavior from an independent source. This article analyzes the response to a residential urban water conservation program by using municipal water consumption data at the census tract level in San Antonio, Texas. A selection of demographic variables (i.e., income, education, and political affiliation, among others) are analyzed with respect to general consumption response and to voluntary and mandatory measures. These results are contrasted against stated attitudes/preferences by the local population in a survey prior to the program. Results reveal substantial disparities between survey responses and manifested actions. They also indicate that well-accepted patterns of conservation response ascribed to various demographic segments in the survey format need to be more precisely qualified before equating them to performance.
publications-4625	article	1978	Hausman, Jerry A. and Hausman, Jerry A.	Specification Tests in Econometrics	Econometrica	10.2307/1913827	Using the result that under the null hypothesis of no misspecification an asymptotically efficient estimator must have zero asymptotic covariance with its difference from a consistent but asymptotically inefficient estimator, specification tests are devised for a number of model specifications in econometrics. Local power is calculated for small departures from the null hypothesis. An instrumental variable test as well as tests for a time series cross section model and the simultaneous equation model are presented. An empirical model provides evidence that unobserved individual factors are present which are not orthogonal to the included right-hand-side variable in a common econometric specification of an individual wage equation. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
publications-4626	article	1980	Berk, Richard A. and Berk, Richard A. and Cooley, Thomas F. and Cooley, Thomas F. and LaCivita, C. J. and LaCivita, C. J. and Parker, Stanley and Parker, Stanley and Sredl, Katherine and Sredl, Kathy and Brewer, Marilynn B. and Brewer, Marilynn B. and Brewer, Marilynn B.	Reducing consumption in periods of acute scarcity: the case of water	Social Science Research	10.1016/0049-089x(80)90001-0
publications-4627	article	1983	Geller, E. Scott and Geller, E. Scott and Erickson, Jeff and Erickson, Jeff B. and Buttram, Brenda A. and Buttram, Brenda A.	Attempts to promote residential water conservation with educational, behavioral and engineering strategies	Population and Environment	10.1007/bf01362290	The water meters of 129 residences were read for 70 consecutive days. After five weeks of baseline, state-of-the-art education, feedback, and engineering interventions were applied according to the factorial design: 2(Education versus No Education) Γ— 2(Daily Consumption Feedback versus No Feedback) Γ— 2(Low Cost Conservation Devices versus No Devices). Significant water savings occurred following only the installation of low cost water conservation devices, although the amount of water saved with these devices (a daily average of 17 gallons) was much less than expected. The findings are discussed with reference to the development of cost-effective water conservation programs.
publications-4628	article	1986	Chicoine, David and Chicoine, David L. and Deller, Steven C. and Deller, Steven C. and Ramamurthy, Ganapathi S. and Ramamurthy, Ganapathi	Water Demand Estimation Under Block Rate Pricing: A Simultaneous Equation Approach	Water Resources Research	10.1029/wr022i006p00859	A model of demand for potable water is developed and estimated simultaneously with observations on rural water district customers. The estimation technique incorporates the error structure in an attempt to provide more efficient estimates and eliminate potential ordinary least squares bias in single equation models of demand for goods sold through block rate pricing systems because of possible price endogeneity. The model also tests alternative specifications for price variables. The simultaneous equation model estimates from three-stage-least squares were slightly more efficient compared to two-stage-least squares estimates. The findings are not generally supportive of the Taylor-Nordin specification of consumer demand for block rate priced potable water. The similarity between three-stage-least squares and single equation ordinary least squares estimates provides some validation for the use of simpler single equation demand models of potable water when water is sold under block rate pricing schedules.
publications-4629	article	1988	Thomas, John F. and Thomas, John F. and Syme, Geoffrey J. and Syme, Geoffrey J. and Syme, Geoffrey J. and Syme, Geoffrey J.	Estimating residential price elasticity of demand for water: A contingent valuation approach	Water Resources Research	10.1029/wr024i011p01847	Residential households in Perth, Western Australia have access to privately extracted groundwater as well as a public mains water supply, which has been charged through a two-part block tariff. A contingent valuation approach is developed to estimate price elasticity of demand for public supply. Results are compared with those of a multivariate time series analysis. Validation tests for the contingent approach are proposed, based on a comparison of predicted behaviors following hypothesised price changes with relevant independent data. Properly conducted, the contingent approach appears to be reliable, applicable where the available data do not favor regression analysis, and a fruitful source of information about social, technical, and behavioral responses to change in the price of water.
publications-4630	article	1990	Bao, Yixing and Bao, Yixing and Mays, Larry W. and Mays, Larry W.	Model for Water Distribution System Reliability	Journal of Hydraulic Engineering	10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1990)116:9(1119)	The hydraulic reliability of a water distribution system can be defined as the probability that the system can provide the demanded flowrate at the required pressure head. Due to the random nature of future water demands, required pressure heads, and pipe roughness, the estimation of water distribution system reliability for the future is subject to uncertainty. A methodology is presented to estimate the nodal and system hydraulic reliabilities of water distribution systems that accounts for the uncertainties. The framework for the methodology is based upon a Monte Carlo simulation consisting of three major components: random number generation, hydraulic network simulation, and computation of reliability. For purposes of illustration, an example water distribution system consisting of 17 pipes and 12 demand nodes is used. This new methodology can be used in the analysis or expansion of existing systems, or the design of new systems.