Scientific Results

This catalogue is obtained by conducting a systematic literature review of scientific studies and reviews related to monitoring, forecasting, and simulating the inland water cycle. The analysis maps scientific expertise across research groups and classifies findings by the type of inland water studied, application focus, and geographical scope. A gap analysis will identify missing research areas and assess their relevance to policymaking.

ID ▲	Type	Year	Authors	Title	Venue/Journal	DOI	Abstract
publications-3681	article	2023	Eklund, Miro and Sierla, Seppo and NiemistΓ¶, Hannu and Korvola, Timo and Savolainen, Jouni and Karhela, Tommi	Using a Digital Twin as the Objective Function for Evolutionary Algorithm Applications in Large Scale Industrial Processes	IEEE Access	10.1109/access.2023.3254896	In this paper, we describe how the up-to-date state of a digital twin, and its corresponding simulation model, can be used as a fitness function of an evolutionary algorithm for optimizing a large-scale industrial process. An ICT architecture is presented for solving the computational challenges that arise when the fitness function evaluation takes considerable amount of time. Parallel computation of the fitness function in a cloud computing environment is proposed and the evolutionary algorithm is connected to the computational environment using the Function-as-a-Service approach. A case-study was conducted on the district heating network of Espoo, the second largest city in Finland. The study shows that the architecture is suited for optimizing the operating costs of the large district heating network, with over 800 km of water pipes and over 14 heat producers, reaching a cost-saving of an average of 2\%, and up-to 4\%, over the current industrial state-of-the-art method in use at the city of Espoo.
publications-3682	article	2021	Mohanty, Subhasish and Mohanty, Subhasish and Elmer, Thomas W. and Elmer, Thomas W. and Bakhtiari, Sasan and Bakhtiari, Sasan and Vilim, Richard B. and Vilim, Richard B.	A Review of SQL vs NoSQL Database for Nuclear Reactor Digital Twin Applications: With Example MongoDB Based NoSQL Database for Digital Twin Model of a Pressurized-Water-Reactor Steam-Generator	Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters	10.1115/imece2021-73153	Abstract In this paper a summary of the differences between structured query language (SQL) based traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS) and recently popular NoSQL based database are presented. The importance of selecting a NoSQL database for the implementation of digital Twin (DT) framework for nuclear reactor predictive maintenance has been discussed. Example of commercially available MongoDB based NoSQL database implementation with storing data from various sources: such as from virtual time-series temperature measurements (based on finite element-based heat transfer models) at thousands of nodal locations and from real sensor measurements (from continuous online monitoring based active ultrasonic sensors and from non-continuous nondestructive testing (NDT) based eddy current measurements is demonstrated.
publications-3683	article	2023	Bellvert, Joaquim and PelechΓ΅, Ana and Pamies-Sans, MagΓ and Virgili, Jordi and Torres, M. and CasadesΓΊs, Jaume	Assimilation of Sentinel-2 Biophysical Variables into a Digital Twin for the Automated Irrigation Scheduling of a Vineyard	Water	10.3390/w15142506	Decision support systems (DSS) are needed to carry out precision irrigation. Key issues in this regard include how to deal with spatial variability and the adoption of deficit irrigation strategies at the field scale. A software application originally designed for water balance-based automated irrigation scheduling locally fine-tuned through the use of sensors has been further developed with the emerging paradigm of both digital twins and the Internet of Things (IoT). The aim of this research is to demonstrate the feasibility of automatically scheduling the irrigation of a commercial vineyard when adopting regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies and assimilating in near real time the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) obtained from Sentinel-2 imagery. In addition, simulations of crop evapotranspiration obtained by the digital twin were compared with remote sensing estimates using surface energy balance models and Copernicus-based inputs. Results showed that regression between instantaneous fAPAR and in situ measurements of the fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) had a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.61 to 0.91, and a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.10. The conversion of fAPAR to a daily time step was dependent on row orientation. A site-specific automated irrigation scheduling was successfully adopted and an adaptive response allowed spontaneous adjustments in order to stress vines to a certain level at specific growing stages. Simulations of the soil water balance components performed well. The regression between digital twin simulations and remote sensing-estimated actual (two-source energy balance Priestleyβ€“Taylor modeling approach, TSEB-PTS2+S3) and potential (Penmanβ€“Monteith approach) evapotranspiration showed RMSD values of 0.98 mm/day and 1.14 mm/day, respectively.
publications-3684	article	2023	Barkakoti, Chiranjeet and Joshi, Sujata	Advancement of Digital Twin in Irrigation and Smart Farming	2023 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS)	10.1109/icscds56580.2023.10104641	Agriculture and food production has been immensely impacted by digitalization; paving the way for advanced data processing techniques and technologies possible in the field of agriculture. The aim of Smart farming is to extract information from agricultural entities to resolve issues and challenges faced with regard to rising demand, food security, and climate change. Digital Twin is a concept that has the potential to increase production and efficiency while reducing the use of energy and other materials. The potential for digital twins to succeed in sustainable agriculture is enormous. Since the agriculture sector is dynamic and complicated, it needs an advanced management system. The necessity for automatic and self-reliant agriculture set up at the initial level is critical due to the frequent occurrence of natural disasters like floods and diseases. Due to problems with soil-based systems such as erosion, heavy manual labor, water availability, and productivity issues, soilless agriculture is becoming more and more popular. Digital techniques are expected to increase the optimization of processes and assist in agricultural decision-making.
publications-3685	article	2023	Qiu, Yinguo and Liu, Fei and Liu, Jiaxin and Li, Dexin and Liu, Chengzhao and Liu, Weixin and Wang, Jindi and Jiao, Yaqin	A Digital Twin Lake Framework for Monitoring and Management of Harmful Algal Blooms	Toxins	10.3390/toxins15110665	Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by lake eutrophication and climate change have become one of the most serious problems for the global water environment. Timely and comprehensive data on HABs are essential for their scientific management, a need unmet by traditional methods. This study constructed a novel digital twin lake framework (DTLF) aiming to integrate, represent and analyze multi-source monitoring data on HABs and water quality, so as to support the prevention and control of HABs. In this framework, different from traditional research, browser-based front ends were used to execute the video-based HAB monitoring process, and real-time monitoring in the real sense was realized. On this basis, multi-source monitored results of HABs and water quality were integrated and displayed in the constructed DTLF, and information on HABs and water quality can be grasped comprehensively, visualized realistically and analyzed precisely. Experimental results demonstrate the satisfying frequency of video-based HAB monitoring (once per second) and the valuable results of multi-source data integration and analysis for HAB management. This study demonstrated the high value of the constructed DTLF in accurate monitoring and scientific management of HABs in lakes.
publications-3686	article	2023	Ahmadi, Mohsen and Lonbar, Ahmad Gholizadeh and Nouri, M. and Javidi, A. and Beris, Ali Tarlani and Sharifi, Abbas and Salimiβ€Tarazouj, Ali	Supervised multi-regional segmentation machine learning architecture for digital twin applications in coastal regions	Journal of Coastal Conservation	10.1007/s11852-024-01038-1
publications-3687	article	2020	Shafiee, M. Ehsan and Shafiee, M. Ehsan and Rasekh, Amin and Rasekh, Amin and Sela, Lina and Sela, Lina and Preis, Ami and Preis, Ami	Streaming Smart Meter Data Integration to Enable Dynamic Demand Assignment for Real-Time Hydraulic Simulation	Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management	10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001221	AbstractWater distribution system models have long been widely used for design and planning purposes. Their application for supporting real-time operational decisions has been also gaining increasi...
publications-3688	article	2021	Pedersen, Agnethe Nedergaard and Pedersen, Agnethe N. and Pedersen, Agnethe Nedergaard and Pedersen, Agnethe Nedergaard and Borup, Morten and Borup, Morten and Brink-KjΓ¦r, Annette and Brink-KjΓ¦r, A and Brink-KjΓ¦r, Annette and Christiansen, Lasse Engbo and Christiansen, Lasse Engbo and Mikkelsen, Peter Steen and Mikkelsen, Peter Steen	Living and Prototyping Digital Twins for Urban Water Systems: Towards Multi-Purpose Value Creation Using Models and Sensors	Water	10.3390/w13050592	In this paper, we review the emerging concept of digital twins (DTs) for urban water systems (UWS) based on the literature, stakeholder interviews and analyzing the current DT implementation process in the utility company VCS Denmark (VCS). Here, DTs for UWS are placed in the context of DTs at the component, unit process/operation or hydraulic structure, treatment plant, system, city, and societal levels. A UWS DT is characterized as a systematic virtual representation of the elements and dynamics of the physical system, organized in a star-structure with a set of features connected by data links that are based on standards for open data. This allows the overall functionality to be broken down into smaller, tangible units (features), enabling microservices that communicate via data links to emerge (the most central feature), facilitated by application programing interfaces (APIs). Coupled to the physical system, simulation models and advanced analytics are among the most important features. We propose distinguishing between living and prototyping DTs, where the term β€_x009c_livingβ€_x009d_ refers to coupling observations from an ever-changing physical twin (which may change with, e.g., urban growth) with a simulation model, through a data link connecting the two. A living DT is thus a near real-time representation of an UWS and can be used for operational and control purposes. A prototyping DT represents a scenario for the system without direct coupling to real-time observations, which can be used for design or planning. By acknowledging that different DTs exist, it is possible to identify the value-creation from DTs achieved by different end-users inside and outside a utility organization. Analyzing the DT workflow in VCS shows that a DT must be multifunctional, updateable, and adjustable to support potential value creation across the utility company. This study helps clarify key DT terminology for UWS and identifies steps to create a DT by building upon digital ecosystems (DEs) and open standards for data.
publications-3689	article	2008	Giustolisi, Orazio and Giustolisi, Orazio and SaviΔ‡, Dragan and Savic, Dragan and Kapelan, Zoran and Kapelan, Zoran	Pressure-Driven Demand and Leakage Simulation for Water Distribution Networks	Journal of Hydraulic Engineering	10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:5(626)	Increasingly, water loss via leakage is acknowledged as one of the main challenges facing water distribution system operations. The consideration of water loss over time, as systems age, physical networks grow, and consumption patterns mature, should form an integral part of effective asset management, rendering any simulation model capable of quantifying pressure-driven leakage indispensable. To this end, a novel steady-state network simulation model that fully integrates into a classical hydraulic representation, pressure-driven demand and leakage at the pipe level is developed and presented here. After presenting a brief literature review about leakage modeling, the importance of a more realistic simulation model allowing for leakage analysis is demonstrated. The algorithm is then tested from a numerical standpoint and subjected to a convergence analysis. These analyses are performed on a case study involving two networks derived from real systems. Experimentally observed convergence/error statistics demonstrate the high robustness of the proposed pressure-driven demand and leakage simulation model.
publications-3690	article	2019	Ramos, Helena M. and Ramos, Helena M. and McNabola, Aonghus and McNabola, Aonghus and JimΓ©nez, Petra Amparo LΓ³pez and LΓ³pez-JimΓ©nez, Petra Amparo and LΓ³pez-JimΓ©nez, P. Amparo and SΓ΅nchez, Modesto PΓ©rez and SΓ΅nchez, Modesto PΓ©rez and PΓ©rez-SΓ΅nchez, Modesto	Smart Water Management towards Future Water Sustainable Networks	Water	10.3390/w12010058	Water management towards smart cities is an issue increasingly appreciated under financial and environmental sustainability focus in any water sector. The main objective of this research is to disclose the technological breakthroughs associated with water and energy use. A methodology is proposed and applied in a case study to analyze the benefits to develop smart water grids, showing the advantages offered by the development of control measures. The case study showed the positive results, particularly savings of 57 GWh and 100 Mm3 in a period of twelve years when different measures from the common ones were developed for the monitoring and control of water losses in smart water management. These savings contributed to reducing the CO2 emissions to 47,385 t CO2-eq. Finally, in order to evaluate the financial effort and savings obtained in this reference systems (RS) network, the investment required in the monitoring and water losses control in a correlation model case (CMC) was estimated, and, as a consequence, the losses level presented a significant reduction towards sustainable values in the next nine years. Since the pressure control is one of the main issues for the reduction of leakage, an estimation of energy production for Portugal is also presented.