ID:
publications-4485
Type:
article
Year:
2023
Authors:
Burkhardt, Jonathan B. and Minor, J.E. and Platten, William E. and Shao, Feng and Murray, Regan
Title:
Relative Water Age in Premise Plumbing Systems Using an Agent-Based Modeling Framework
Venue/Journal:
DOI:
10.1061/jwrmd5.wreng-5888
Research type:
Water System:
Technical Focus:
Abstract:
Tools used to predict hydraulics and water quality within premise plumbing systems have gained recent interest. An open-source Python-based toolβ€”PPMtoolsβ€”for modeling and analyzing premise plumbing systems with WNTR or EPANET is presented. A relative water ageβ€”the time water has spent in a homeβ€”study using three real-world single-family homes was used to demonstrate PPMtools. Results showed that increased useβ€”more people or higher flow fixturesβ€”led to a general decrease in relative water ages. However, even with more use, one user could still experience water for a drinking activity with a relative water age equal to, or longer than, the duration of the longest stagnant period (sleeping or absence from home). Simulations also showed that the general relative water ages increased if the homes were plumbed with larger diameter piping [19.1 mm (3/4 in.) versus 12.7 mm (1/2 in.)]. Hot water heaters were found to have the largest impact on relative water age. Smaller volume uses generally had more variability in relative water ages, while larger volume uses (e.g., showering) resulted in generally low relative water ages with less variability because larger uses fully replaced water in the home with water from the main. This study highlights the potential for using PPMtools to explore more complex water quality modeling within premise plumbing systems.
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