Authors:
Liu, Jianguo and Liu, Jianguo and Dietz, Thomas and Dietz, Thomas and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Carpenter, Stephen R. and Alberti, Marina and Alberti, Marina and Folke, Carl and Folke, Carl and MorΓ΅n, Emilio F. and Moran, Emilio F. and Pell, Alice N. and Pell, Alice N. and Deadman, Peter and Deadman, Peter and Kratz, Timothy K. and Kratz, Timothy K. and Lubchenco, Jane and Lubchenco, Jane and Π_x009e_ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ€ and Ostrom, Elinor and Ouyang, Zhiyun and Ouyang, Zhiyun and Provencher, William and Provencher, William and Redman, Charles L. and Redman, Charles L. and Schneider, Stephen H. and Schneider, Stephen H. and Taylor, William W. and Taylor, William W.
Abstract:
Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space, time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity, and surprises. Furthermore, past couplings have legacy effects on present conditions and future possibilities.
