ID:
publications-4297
Type:
article
Year:
2006
Authors:
Khanal, Nabin and Khanal, Nabin and Buchberger, Steven G. and Buchberger, Steven G. and McKenna, Sean Andrew and McKenna, Sean A.
Title:
Distribution System Contamination Events: Exposure, Influence, and Sensitivity
Venue/Journal:
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
DOI:
10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2006)132:4(283)
Research type:
Water System:
Technical Focus:
Abstract:
This paper presents a two-part investigation of the response of municipal water distribution systems to contamination events. In Part I of the investigation, a contamination event was modeled as a steady 6-h injection of a soluble conservative substance into a single node. The injection was repeated node by node at all 89 nodes in the pipe network. In each case, the fraction of the population at risk of contaminant exposure was estimated at the end of a 72-h simulation period. A dimensionless exposure index (EI) was introduced as a simple global measure of network response, ranging from EI=0 (no consumers are exposed) to EI=100\% (all consumers are at risk of exposure). Simulation results were used to construct a zone of influence (ZOI) map, which categorizes network injection nodes on the basis of their potential to expose downstream consumers. In Part II of the investigation, a generalized sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of network response to four dynamic network variable...
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